Genetics for Dummies

     Welcome to Genetics for Dummies! I thought this might be helpful to those wanting to know more about chicken genetics, particularily if you're interested in breeding. Not that I'm saying your dumb or anything - not everyone can be a genetics professional. This is just a post about genetics in general, and a little bit about basic chicken genetics. I had to do this first, before I could describe leg feathering and frizzles and rumplessness and extended black; well, we'll get there!

Genetic Terms

     Here is a dictionary of genetic terms I'll use, throughout this article and later articles. If you come across a word you don't know, come here and you might find it and its definition. Have at it!

Allele:
One of 2 or more forms of a gene that are found at the same place on a chromosome

Chromosome:
A threadlike structure that carries genetic information in the form of genes

DNA:
Deoxyribonucleic Acid, which is the carrier of genetic information

Dominant Gene:
An allele that is dominant, as in it can overpower a recessive gene when the pair is heterozygous.

Genotype:
The genetic makeup (as in a chicken that is o+/o+, which is the genotype of a White Egg Layer - see phenotype)

Heterozygote:
A chicken that is heterozygous for a gene

Heterozygous:
Genes come in pairs, the alleles can either be alike or different. If it is heterozygous, it is different (for instance, O/o+ is heterozygous)

Homozygote:
A chicken that is homozygous for a gene

Homozygous:
Genes come in pairs, the alleles can either be alike or different. If it is homozygous, both alleles are the same (for instance, O/O is homozygous)

Mutation:
When a gene can be changed, like, the mutations of extended black. Like most genes it can either be e+ (duckwing/light brown) or E (extended black), just the same as most other genes. But that gene has mutations - E^R (birchen), E^Wh (Wheaten), and e^b (partridge/brown). The mutations can be in the same gene pair as e+ and E.

Phenotype:
The visual description, what you see when you look at the chicken (as in White Egg Layer, which is the phenotype of a chicken that is o+/o+ - see genotype)

Punnett Square:
A diagram used to show the outcome of a cross between 2 chickens

Recessive Gene:
Recessive genes will only show in a homozygote, if it is heterozygous the dominant gene will overpower the recessive gene and the recessive gene will be hidden by the dominant gene.

Sex-Linked Genes

     Ever heard of sex-links? They're hybrids, and you can tell the males and females apart by their color at any age. How does that work? Sex-linked genes. Here's how.

     In humans there are genes that determine whether you are male or female, most people know about these but they are XX in females and XY in males. This means that your dad determined your gender. In chickens, instead of using X and Y, they have Z and W. It's backwards of humans - the hen determines the offspring's gender, because they are ZW while the roosters are ZZ.

     On the right is a diagram. It shows the barring gene (which is sex-linked and how Black Sex-Links work), Silver (which refers to the ground, base color of the bird. A chicken can be silver based or gold based wildtype or "golden", its sex-linked), and Mahogany (which is not sex-linked, for reference).  

     The green shows the genotype of the two chickens, while the purple labels the gene on the far left and shows the phenotypes. As you can see, the sex-linked genes are those that only have one allele on the hens, while having 2 alleles, as usual, on the roosters.

How to Use Punnett Squares

     I would like to introduce you all to George, my imaginary friend the Ameraucana rooster. Secondly, I would like to introduce you to Hannah, my imaginary friend the Barred Rock hen. We are going to breed them, but we want to know what color their eggs will be. Even though George doesn't lay eggs himself, he has genes for eggs. His genes are O/O, which means that he is a blue egg layer. Hannah, on the other hand, has genes that are o+/o+, which means that she is a white egg layer. You see, Barred Rocks lay brown eggs, but brown eggs are actually white eggs, they are just covered in a brown paint called a 'bloom'. Green eggs are actually blue eggs with a bloom over them.

     So we have George (O/O) and Hannah (o+/o+), and now we want to breed them. To find out what
color eggs their offspring will lay, we have to use a punnett square. George's genotype is on the top, each allele is over its own box. Hannah's genotype is on the left side, and each allele is beside its own box. Then, you look at the alleles touching each box and put them inside the box, making a new gene pair. Since all the new gene pairs are the same, we know that 100% of the offspring will be O/o+. Since blue eggs (O) is dominant, all of them will lay blue eggs.

     But what happens if we have two chickens that are O/o+? Lets call them Jim and Lori, and they both have a heterozygous O/o+ genotype. What happens if we breed them? Look at the punnett square to the right to find out. It works the same way this time as it did last time. Breeding Jim and Lori results in 25% of the offspring being homozygous white egg layers, 50% being heterozygous blue egg layers, and 25% being homozygous blue egg layers.

~

Questions? Comment or send me an email at reavisridgepoultry@gmail.com

 

Please comment below! Follow me on Google+ in the upper right and g+1 me at the top left on the bar! May you have a wonderful day full of chickens.

Distinguishing Similar Breeds of Chicken (and sex-links)

Domineckers, Barred, & Cuckoo

A Barred Rock Hen

     Many people see a chicken stripped in black and white, and they say, "Dominecker!" There is no chicken breed called Domineckers, but perhaps the word came from the Dominiques, a barred bird with a pea comb. Real Dominiques became very rare, but are now coming back. Many breeds of 

A Dominique Pullet, courtesy of Reddies River Poultry

chicken are barred, and they are often mistakenly called Domineckers.
    
     Ever heard of a Plymouth Rock? Maybe you've heard of a Barred Rock. Plymouth Rocks are a breed of chicken, and Barred Plymouth Rocks are a variety of those Rocks, among White Rocks and Partridge Rocks. They have all the features of a Plymouth Rock - yellow legs, single comb, brown eggs - but are barred, and often mistaken as a Dominecker.

     Cuckoo is also striping. There are Cuckoo Marans and Cuckoo Orpingtons, and all sorts of breeds. It would be easy to confuse Cuckoo birds as a Dominique or a Barred Rock.  

Buffs?

     This makes me think of Palomino horses. You can ask someone what breed their horse is, and they'll tell you its a Palomino. But Palomino isn't a breed, rather a color. The same goes with the color buff. Someone might have a Buff Orpington or a Buff Ameraucana or a Buff Cochin - but they would still call it a Buff because the chickens they grew up with were just 'buffs', not Buff Orpingtons (most people here seem to have Buff Orpingtons they call Buffs).

     So remember - buff isn't a breed but rather a color, a variety within a breed. It has to be a Buff Something.

Red Chickens

     So you have a chicken. Its red. What is it? There are Rhode Island Reds, New Hampshires (Often called incorrectly New Hampshire Reds), Production Reds, Red Sex-Links (Also called Red Stars), Red Caps, and Red Rangers (Broilers). Here are some descriptions to help you out.

Red Caps: 
A dual-purpose white egg layer, Red Caps only come in large fowl. They tend to be very flighty and only come in one variety - reddish brown feathers with some black mixed in.



Red Sex-Link hens, courtesy of Reddies River Poultry

Red Sex-Links:
Red Stars aren't an actual breed of chicken, because they are sex-links, meaning that you can sex them by the color of their feathers (or down), but if you breed a Red Sex-Link to a Red Sex-Link you wont get a Red Sex-Link (read more about sex-links below).

Production Reds:
Production Reds are brown layers bred for egg production, created from Rhode Island Reds. Ovarian Cancer is very common in production breeds, but particularly these girls.

Red Rangers:
A meat bird, a broiler, Red Rangers are large brown egg layers that reach maturity at 12 weeks. They are excellent free rangers with proportionate meat on their legs and breast.

Rhode Island Reds:
Dark red in color, these chickens lay lots of brown eggs and are considered a dual purpose bird. They are large yellow legged and single combed chickens with yellow skin.

New Hampshires:
New Hampshires produce brown eggs of a large size. They have been bred from Rhode Island Reds, but are lighter in color and have some black on them.

    

More About Sex-Links

     A sex-link is a chicken that is unique because you can tell them apart at any age by their color. There are Red Sex-links and Black Sex-links. They are a hybrid bred by using two different breeds of chickens. They aren't a true breed because if you breed a sex-link to a sex-link, the chicks wont be

My Black Sex-link pullet

sex-linked.

Red Sex-Links:
They are a mix of a red rooster - either a New Hampshire or a Rhode Island Red - and a silver based hen, either a Delaware, White Leghorn, White Rock, Rhode Island White, or a Silver Laced Wyandotte. Males are white (although they may have a few black feathers) and females are either buff or red. They are also called Cinnamon Queens, Gold Comets, Gold Stars, and Red Stars.

Black Sex-Links:
These are a mix of any rooster that isn't barred (typically a Rhode Island Red or a New Hampshire) with a barred hen, such as a Barred Plymouth Rock. All the chicks will hatch black, but all the males will have a silver spot on their head. The cockerels will grow up to be barred, while the pullets will grow up black with red leakage in their hackles. They are often sold as Rock Reds, Black Rocks, Black Stars, and Red Rocks.

~

Please comment below! Follow me on Google+ in the upper right and g+1 me at the top left on the bar! May you have a wonderful day full of chickens.